Labor Line

November 2013___________________________________

Labor line has job news and commentary with a one stop short cut for America's job markets and job related data including the latest data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

This month's job and employment summary data are below. This month's inflation data is below.

The Establishment Job Report and Establishment Job Details for data released November 8, 2013.

American Job Market The Chronicle

Current Job and Employment Data

Jobs
Total Non-Farm Establishment Jobs up 204,000 to 136,554,000
Total Private Jobs up 212,000 to 114,692,000
Total Government Employment down 8,000 to 21,862,000

Employment Note
Civilian Non-Institutional Population up 213,000 to 246,381,000
Civilian Labor Force down 720,000 to 154,839,000
Employed down 735,000 to 143,568,000
Employed Men down 378,000 to 76,074,000
Employed Women down 357,000 to 67,494,000
Unemployed up 17,000 to 11,272,000
Not in the Labor Force up 935,000 to 91,541,000

Unemployment Rate went up .1 percent to 7.3%, or 11,272/154,839
Labor Force Participation Rate went down .4 percent at 62.8 %, or 154,839 /246,381

Prices and inflation measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for all Urban Consumers was down 1.69 percent for 2010.

The November CPI report for the 12 months ending with October 2013, shows the

CPI for All Items was up 1.0%
CPI for Food and Beverages was up 1.3%
CPI for Housing was up 2.1%
CPI for Apparel was down .2%
CPI for Transportation including gasoline was down 1.6%
CPI for Medical Care was up 2.3%
CPI for Recreation was up .4%
CPI for Education was up 3.3%
CPI for Communication was down .1%

This Month's Establishment Jobs Press Report

EVERY THING UP BUT THE GOVERNMENT

The Bureau of Labor Statistics published its November report of jobs in October. The employed went way down with a loss of 735 thousand assuring a large number of the adult population left the labor force. In addition the unemployed were up 17 thousand. Both the decline in the employed and the increase in the unemployed worked to raise the unemployment rate, up .1 percent to 7.3 percent. Employment for men and women decreased. The already low participation rate took an unusually large drop of .4 percent to 62.8 percent, the lowest rate in years.

The seasonally adjusted total of establishment jobs was up 204 thousand for October. The increase was 177 thousand more private sector service jobs combined with an increase of 35 thousand goods production jobs and a decrease of 8 thousand government service jobs.

Goods production jobs were up in all three industry sectors for October. Manufacturing had the biggest gain with a net of 19 thousand new jobs. Both Durable and non-durable goods were up with fabricated metal products, motor vehicles, mostly cars, and furniture leading the way in durable goods; food manufacturing and chemicals were up the most in non-durable goods. Construction had gains of 11 thousand jobs throughout building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction and specialty trade contractors. Logging and mining were up 5 thousand, the range of increase for the last few months.

Government jobs were down 8 thousand, mostly because of a decrease of 12 thousand jobs in the Federal Government that was a bigger loss than gain in state and local government. Public school education was down slightly but private education was up enough to net a 5 thousand increase of public and private education employment.

Leisure and hospitality had the biggest job gains among services for October with 53 thousand new jobs. Restaurants were up 29.3 thousand jobs after last months losses, but arts, entertainment and recreation and accommodation made larger than usual job gains, especially accommodations up 7.9 thousand jobs.

Professional and business services had another month of job gains, 44 thousand more jobs for October. Among professional and technical services management consulting did the best with 7.7 thousand new jobs with smaller gains in accounting, architectural and engineering services and computing services. The management of companies and enterprises are establishments that manage operating establishments, which had a bigger gain than usual with 7.3 thousand new jobs. Administrative support services had gains throughout reported sub sectors.

Trade, transportation and utilities were up a net of 39 thousand jobs. Retail trade was up 44.4 thousand, but wholesale trade was down 5.4 thousand and transportation had small sub sector gains and losses to net no change in jobs. Some of the retail sub sectors like food and beverage had a big job gain of 11.5 thousand jobs, along with sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores with 8.4 thousand new jobs, but clothing stores were down a seasonally adjusted 12.5 thousand jobs.

Health care gains of 18 thousand new jobs lagged behind long term trends for another month. Ambulatory care had most of the gain with 11 thousand new jobs, nursing and residential care was up modestly. The annual growth rate this month is 1.21 percent, well below the long term 15 year growth rate of 2.33 percent.

Information services picked up 5 thousand jobs with new jobs in motion picture and sound recordings adding another gain: 2.8 thousand jobs for October. Financial activities added a net of 7 thousand jobs where the insurance and real estate had gains enough to offset losses in the banking and credit sectors. Personal and laundry services added 5.3 thousand more jobs. Non profit organizations added 1.9 thousand jobs after last months decline.

The October gain of 204 thousand jobs brings encouraging signs. Both manufacturing and construction did better in the same month and all private sectors of the economy had more jobs, an unusual occurrence. This month's increase represents and annual growth rate of 1.80 percent, enough to keep up with population growth and add a few more jobs. Establishment non farm total employment is up to 136,554,000. Still below the 2008 high, but getting there. Next month?

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October Details

Non Farm Total +204
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported Non-Farm employment for establishments increased from September by 204 thousand jobs for an October total of 136,554 million. (Note 1 below) An increase of 204 thousand each month for the next 12 months represents an annual growth rate of 1.80%. The annual growth rate from a year ago beginning October 2012 was +1.74%; the average annual growth rate from 5 years ago beginning October 2008 was +.10%; from 15 years ago beginning October 1998 it was .49%. America needs growth around 1.5 percent a year to keep itself employed.

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Sector breakdown for 12 Sectors in 000's of jobs

1. Natural Resources +5
Natural Resources including logging and mining were up 5 thousand from September at 887 thousand jobs in October. An increase of 5 thousand jobs each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +6.8 percent. Natural resource jobs are up 46 thousand for the 12 months just ended. Jobs in the 1990's totaled around 770 thousand. Job growth here will be small compared to America's job needs. This is the smallest of 12 major sectors of the economy with .6 percent of establishment jobs.

2. Construction +11
Construction jobs were up 11 thousand from September at 5.834 million jobs in October. An increase of 11 thousand jobs each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +2.27 percent. Construction jobs are up 185 thousand for the last 12 months. The growth rate for the last 5 years is -3.49%. Construction jobs rank 9th among the 12 sectors with 4.3 percent of non farm employment.

3. Manufacturing +19
Manufacturing jobs were up 19 thousand from September at 11.986 million jobs in October. An increase of 19 thousand jobs each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +1.91 percent. Manufacturing jobs were up for the last 12 months by 55 thousand. The growth rate for the last 5 years is -1.84%. In 1994, manufacturing ranked 2nd but now ranks 6th among 12 major sectors in the economy with 8.8 percent of establishment jobs.

4. Trade, Transportation & Utility +39
Trade, both wholesale and retail, transportation and utility employment was up by 39 thousand jobs from September to 26.130 million jobs in October. These jobs tend to increase at a slower rate than the total of non-farm jobs, but an increase of 39 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +1.79 percent. Jobs are up by 507 thousand for the last 12 months. Growth rates for the last 5 years are +.10 percent. Jobs in these sectors rank first as the biggest sectors with combined employment of 19.1 percent of total establishment employment.

5. Information Services +5
Information Services employment was up by 5 thousand from September at 2.688 million jobs in October. An increase of 5 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +2.24 percent. (Note 2 below) Jobs are up by 17 thousand for the last 12 months. Monthly employment in information services gyrates and has been doing so for over a decade. Information jobs reached 3.7 million at the end of 2000, but started dropping, reaching 3 million by 2004 and continues below 2.7 million now. Information Services is a small sector ranking 11th of 12 with 2.0 percent of establishment jobs.

6. Financial Activities +7
Financial Activities were up 7 thousand jobs from September to 7.910 million in October. An increase of 7 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +1.06 percent. Jobs are up 93 thousand for the last 12 months. (Note 3 below)This sector also includes real estate as well as real estate lending. Financial Services has been declining with negative annual growth rates, a 5 year growth rate of -.57 percent, and a 15 year growth rate of
+.23 percent. Financial activities rank 8 of 12 with 5.8 percent of establishment jobs.

7. Business & Professional Services +44
Business and Professional Service jobs went up 44 thousand from September to 18.706 million in October. An increase of 44 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +2.83 percent. Jobs are up 644 thousand for the last 12 months. Note 4 The annual growth rate for the last 5 years was 1.3 percent. It ranks as 2nd among the 12 sectors. It was third in May 1993, when manufacturing was bigger and second rank now with 13.7 percent of establishment employment.

8. Education including public and private +5
Education jobs went up 5 thousand jobs from September at 13.589 million in October. These include public and private education. An increase of 5 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +.48 percent. Jobs are up 70 thousand for the last 12 months. (note 5) The 15 year growth rate equals 1.32 percent, faster than the national average. Education ranks 4th among 12 sectors with 10.0 percent of establishment jobs.

9. Health Care +18
Health care jobs were up 18 thousand from September to 17.384 million in October. An increase of 18 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +1.21 percent. Jobs are up 307 thousand for the last 12 months. (note 6) The current month was below long term trends and less than growth from a year ago when the annual growth rate was +1.79 percent. Health care has been growing at +2.33 percent annual growth rate for 15 years, a rate not quite double the national rate. Health care ranks 3rd of 12 with 12.7 percent of establishment jobs.

10. Leisure and hospitality +53
Leisure and hospitality jobs went up 53 thousand from September to 14.284 million in October. An increase of 53 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +4.47 percent. Jobs are up 444 thousand for the last 12 months. (note 7) The 5 year growth rate is 1.17%. More than 80 percent of leisure and hospitality are accommodations and restaurants assuring that most of the new jobs are in restaurants. Leisure and hospitality ranks 4th of 12 with 10.4 percent of establishment jobs. It moved up from 7th in the 1990's to 5th in the last few years.

11. Other +6
Other Service jobs, which include repair, maintenance, personal services and non-profit organizations went up 6 thousand from September to 5.496 million in October. An increase of 6 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of +1.31 percent. Jobs are up 39 thousand for the last 12 months. (note 8) Other services had -.07 percent growth for the last 5 years. These sectors rank 10th of 12 with 4.0 percent of total non-farm establishment jobs.

12. Government, excluding education -7
Government service employment went down 7 thousand from September to 11.660 million in October. A decrease of 7 thousand each month for the next 12 months would be an annual growth rate of -.71 percent. Jobs are down 77 thousand for the last 12 months. (note 9) Government jobs excluding education tend to increase slowly but surely with a 15 year growth rate of .33 percent. Government, excluding education, ranks 7th of 12 with 8.6 percent of total non-farm establishment jobs.

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Sector Notes___________________________

(1) The total cited above is non-farm establishment employment that counts jobs and not people. If one person has two jobs then two jobs are counted. It excludes agricultural employment and the self employed. Out of a total of people employed agricultural employment typically has about 1.5 percent, the self employed about 6.8 percent, the rest make up wage and salary employment. Jobs and people employed are close to the same, but not identical numbers because jobs are not the same as people employed: some hold two jobs. Remember all these totals are jobs. back

(2) Information Services is part of the new North American Industry Classification System(NAICS). It includes firms or establishments in publishing, motion picture & sound recording, broadcasting, Internet publishing and broadcasting, telecommunications, ISPs, web search portals, data processing, libraries, archives and a few others.back

(3) Financial Activities includes deposit and non-deposit credit firms, most of which are still known as banks, savings and loan and credit unions, but also real estate firms and general and commercial rental and leasing.back

(4) Business and Professional services includes the professional areas such as legal services, architecture, engineering, computing, advertising and supporting services including office services, facilities support, services to buildings, security services, employment agencies and so on.back

(5) Education includes private and public education. Therefore education job totals include public schools and colleges as well as private schools and colleges. back

(6) Health care includes ambulatory care, private hospitals, nursing and residential care, and social services including child care. back

(7) Leisure and hospitality has establishment with arts, entertainment and recreation which has performing arts, spectator sports, gambling, fitness centers and others, which are the leisure part. The hospitality part has accommodations, motels, hotels, RV parks, and full service and fast food restaurants. back

(8) Other is a smorgasbord of repair and maintenance services, especially car repair, personal services and non-profit services of organizations like foundations, social advocacy and civic groups, and business, professional, labor unions, political groups and political parties. back

(9) Government job totals include federal, state, and local government administrative work but without education jobs. back

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Notes

Jobs are not the same as employment because jobs are counted once but one person could have two jobs adding one to employment but two to jobs. Also the employment numbers include agricultural workers, the self employed, unpaid family workers, household workers and those on unpaid leave. Jobs are establishment jobs and non-other. back

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Earning tips at the Sub Minimum Wage

A recent article in the Washington Post [For low-wage workers, unprecedented anxiety, November 26, 2013] interviewed people with low wage jobs. It was not a surprise to find them anxious since today’s low wage jobs come and go and do not buy more than basic necessities anyway.

One of those interviewed had a new job working at an airport helping to get wheel chair passengers from the ticket counter through airport security, a special duty porter or sky cap. He thought he would be earning the federal minimum wage, $7.25 an hour, but learned on the first day of work his pay would be $5.25 an hour plus any tips he might receive.

The possibility of tips triggers a lesser known section of minimum wage rules in the Fair Labor Standards Act. Rules allow a sub minimum wage for tipped employees that date from 1966, when it was set at 50 percent of the minimum wage. However, Congress left the tipped minimum at $2.13 an hour when it raised the minimum wage in 1996 and again in 2007. The Federal tipped minimum has remained at $2.13 an hour since 1991, which makes it only 29 percent of the present $7.25 an hour minimum wage. Rules allow a sub minimum wage as low as $2.13 an hour for any employees in any occupation that customarily receives just $30.00 or more a month in tips.

Federal rules governing the Fair Labor Standards Act requires employers who pay a sub minimum wage to verify that tips are enough to bring an employee up to at least the minimum wage, a practice known as taking the tip credit. Taking the tip credit requires recordkeeping to verify that tips make up any difference of the minimum and sub minimum wage.

Notice a sub minimum wage relieves employers of the normal obligation to pay at least a minimum wage. A $7.25 an hour minimum wage is $1,160 a month at 40 hours a week and 4 weeks per month. At $2.13 an hour sub minimum wage for tipped employees is just $340.80 a month, which means a tipped employee needs $819.20 a month in tips to earn the minimum wage. At $5.25 an hour a sub minimum wage for an airport porter or sky cap is $840 a month, which means our sky cap will need $320 a month in tips to earn the minimum wage.

The Post reported the man’s take home pay at around $600 a month but tips were “not usually very much.” Since take home pay on $840 without tips is more than $600, the low pay before tips suggests one of the biggest problems for tipped employees: erratic and uncertain hours of work. Employers can layoff staff during slow periods in the day, or on slow days, to minimize their tip credit obligations.

Sub minimum rules are especially important at full service restaurants where tip sharing rules also apply. Without tip sharing, wages plus tips for waiters and waitresses will tend to be higher than wages and tips for a host or hostess or bartenders, bus staff and other staff with less access to customers. Wage gaps make it harder to get people to do the host and hostess job without paying higher wages as long as we expect people to prefer higher wage jobs to lower wage jobs.

With tip sharing waiters and waitresses pay part of their tips to equalize wages and tips for hosts, hostesses, bartenders and other staff. Tip sharing improves the economic situation of these other staff, but at the expense of waiters and waitresses and not the employer. Like the sub-minimum wage tip sharing saves wage costs for employers and makes it easier and cheaper to run a restaurant.

There are other exemptions to the minimum wage which are reported in the Department of Labor’s “Handy Reference Guide to the Fair Labor Standards Act.” The Department also publishes an annual report entitled “Characteristics of the Minimum Wage” which details the number of people working at or below the minimum wage. In 2006 there were 1.69 million working below the $5.15 an hour minimum wage. The minimum wage was raised to $7.25 an hour July 24, 2009. In 2010, 4.36 million worked at or below the higher minimum wage. As inflation cuts the buying power the number dropped until 3.55 million work at or below the minimum wage in 2012.

The 2012 report shows 4.7 percent of hourly paid wage earners are at or below the Federal minimum wage. The politicians could put a minimum on wages, but the sub-minimum wage along with a list of other exemptions assures the minimum will not be the minimum for the minimum wage.

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Dietitians-Nutritionists and Dietetic Technicians

Dietitians-Nutritionists and Dietetic Technicians

Standard Occupational Classification #29-1031 Dietitians and Nutritionists
Standard Occupational Classification #29-2051 Dietetic Technicians

SOC Definition Dietitians and Nutritionists #29-1031 -- Plan and conduct food service or nutritional programs to assist in the promotion of health and control of disease. May supervise activities of a department providing quantity food services, counsel individuals, or conduct nutritional research. Examples of other common names in use are public health dietitian; nutrition director; research dietitian.

SOC Definition Dietetic Technicians #29-2051 -- Assist dietitians in the provision of food service and nutritional programs. Under the supervision of dietitians, may plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals.

Both dietitian-nutritionists and dietetic technicians are classified as health care occupations with the majority working in the health care industry. For dietitians and nutritionists 56 percent work in health care: 32 percent at public and private hospitals, 15 percent in ambulatory care and 9 percent at nursing care facilities. Another 14 percent work for government, 2.8 percent in social assistance services and 2.3 percent in education with very small numbers scattered in other industry sectors. About 15 are classified as self employed.

Dietetic technicians assist dietitians and nutritionists so none are self employed. Eighty percent work in health care: 3 percent in ambulatory care, 50 percent at public and private hospitals, and 27.8 percent at nursing care facilities. Another 11 percent work in government, 3 percent in education and 1.5 percent in social assistance with a few scattered in other sectors.

National employment as dietitians and nutritionists was 58,240 in 2012. Jobs are up from 43,030 since 2000 in a modest but steady increase. Annual average job growth equals 1,268 per year since 2000 at a growth rate of 2.55 percent, significantly higher than the average for all employment. National employment as dietetic technicians was 24,660 in 2012. Jobs are down since 2000 when jobs were 28,010. The annual average job decline equals -279 per year since 2000 at a growth rate of -1.06 percent.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics is forecasting job growth for dietitians and nutritionists at almost the same rate as the last 12 years at 1,270 per year through 2020. Because of anticipated turnover and retirements, openings, or growth plus replacement needs, are expected to be 3,540 a year. Forecast job growth for dietetic technicians is 390 a year through 2020 in spite of the record of decline. Anticipated turnover and retirements are expected to create 810 openings a year.

The recently updated BLS Education and Training Classification assignments lists BA degree skills as necessary for entry into jobs as dietitians and nutritionists. There are 46 states that now require a license or certification or registration through a state office or bureau for dietitians and nutritionists. The American Dietetic Association has a certification credential for those who pass their exam. Employers often prefer candidates with this credential, which is also accepted by state licensing authorities. All these credentials require a BA in dietetics or nutrition. Experience in a related occupation is not necessary, but candidates are generally expected to have an intern or residence program as on the job training to be qualified. Most BA programs include the internship period.

High school degree skills are adequate for dietetic technicians. Experience in a related occupation is not necessary, but qualified candidates need on-the-job experience of 1 to 12 months working with a certified dietitian to be considered fully qualified.

The National Center for Education Statistics reports degree data for America’s colleges and universities that can be compared with job growth and openings. There were 2,734 dietetics and clinical nutrition BA degrees granted in 4 programs in June 2011, the last year of complete degree data. There were also 3,908 BA degrees granted in 4 programs in foods, nutrition and related services and 1,694 BA degrees granted in nutrition sciences offered as part of programs in multi-disciplinary science. The total of BA degrees with relevant preparation to be dietitians and nutritionists comes to 8,336. Master’s degrees in programs with the same titles had 1,928 master’s degrees. Degrees are up in 2011 from previous years. The ratio of relevant BA degree to openings equals 2.35, or 8,336/3,540, assuring more than enough qualified candidates to fill job openings.

The basic wage data from the BLS occupational employment survey includes a wage distribution. Averages are not used much in wage data. A few high wages pull up the average and make it unrepresentative. Instead a distribution range of wages is published with the 10th, 25th, median, 75th, and 90th percentiles of wages. A 10th percentile wage means 10 percent working in this job have wages equal to or less than the 10th percentile wage and so on. Annual wages are converted to hourly wages by dividing annual wages by 2080

The entry wage for the national market in the 10th percentile for dietitians and nutritionists is reported as $34,500 in 2012. The 25th percentile wage equals $44,190. The median wage is $55,240, the 75th percentile wage equals $67,540 and the 90th percentile wage is $77,590.

The wages of dietitians and nutritionists have kept up with inflation for the last decade. For example, to have the buying power of the 2006 median wage of $46,980 in 2012, the dietitian and nutritionist wage would need to be $53,507.57. In stead it was $55,240, a 3.25 percent increase in the real wage for those six years. Other years also show an increase in real wages.

The entry wage for the national market in the 10th percentile for dietetic technicians is reported as $18,070 in 2012. The 25th percentile wage equals $21,000. The median wage is $26,260, the 75th percentile wage equals $34,350 and the 90th percentile wage is $43,460.
The wages of dietetic technicians have not kept up with inflation for the last decade. For example, to have the buying power of the 2006 median wage of $24 040, in 2012, the dietitian and nutritionist wage would need to be $27.378.16. Instead it was $26,260, a 4.08 percent decrease in the real wage for those six years. Other years also show decreasing real wages.

The contrasting performance of wages and employment of the two occupations suggests the licensing requirement has pressured employers to hire certified dietitians over those not certified because dietitians cannot make effective use of a full time assistant very often. Where there is work to share it will be assigned to the much cheaper dietetic technician in order to limit the work and employment of the more expensive dietitian or nutritionist. Notice the high percentage of dietetic technicians that work in hospitals where there is more work to share. In other industries and settings employers with more limited nutrition needs are saving money eliminating dietetic technicians to have their dietitian do all the needed work in nutrition.

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The Need for Job Experience

Many job seekers know the phrase “We’re looking for someone with more experience.” It might be true but there are reasons to be suspicious it’s an easy way to end an interview: an excuse.

A few years ago the Bureau of Labor Statistics expanded their classification of occupational education and training to include job experience in related occupations and on-the-job training, or on the job experience, in addition to their review of necessary high school or college degree skills. When job applicants learn they need experience they usually think of experience working in the same occupation rather than experience in another related occupation, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics defines experience in both.

Experience in a Related Occupation

In the new expanded classification survey employers rate the experience in a related occupation to be 1) more than 5 years, 2) 1 to 5 years, 3) less than a year, 4) none. Almost all managerial positions require experience in the related occupations they will manage. For example, financial managers need more than five years experience in finance. Advertising managers need 1 to 5 years experience in advertising. It follows that finance or advertising managers need experience in finance or advertising before they are ready to manage others. There are 6.3 million management jobs in 2012 and ninety-five percent of them require experience in their related occupations.

First line supervisors are an additional layer of management and job applicants are also expected to have prior experience doing the jobs they supervise. First line supervisors had just over 6 million jobs in 2012 including first line supervisors of office and administrative support workers with 1.3 million jobs and first line supervisors of retail workers with another 1.2 million jobs.

Excluding management and supervisory occupations some other occupations where employers want related experience include judges with experience as lawyers, management analysts with experience as managers, information security analysts, web developers and database administrators need experience in computer work, instructional coordinators need teaching experience, and fire and building inspectors need work in the field.

Including management and supervisory occupations 82 of 839 occupations with data reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics need experience in related occupations, which is just 15 percent of America’s 130 million jobs in 2012.

Job Experience in the Same Occupation

Job applicants should differentiate demands for experience in a related occupation from the demand for experience in the same occupation. Job experience in an occupation that adds to qualifications is defined in 5 categories of on-the-job training or essential on the job experience: 1) internships, 2) apprenticeship programs and 3) long, 4) medium and 5) short term on-the-job training programs.

After allowing for jobs that need experience in a related occupation, there were 110.9 million jobs left in 2012, but only 86.5 million of them needed some type of on-the-job training or experience to be fully qualified. Of those 86.5 million left to consider 52.2 million need a bit of informal on the job training of a month or less. Remaining jobs include 29.1 million jobs with a formal apprenticeship program, or employer sponsored long term training programs of a year or more or medium term training of one to twelve months. Finally, 5.2 million of the jobs of 2012 need a period of internship or residency to be qualified.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics on-the-job classifications shows the need for experience depends primarily on the level of formal education applicants bring to a job. In 2012 there were 399 occupations in the Standard Occupational Classification that required only high school or less than high school skills; 99 percent of the jobs in all but 3 of the occupations need previous experience for employers to be satisfied they are qualified.

These jobs are primarily in construction and production occupations along with selected office support, installation-maintenance-repair and transportation occupations. Some like carpenter, electrician, plumber, and machinist have apprenticeship or long term training needs; many machine setters, operators and tenders and assembly occupations in manufacturing require medium term on-the-job training. Customer service representative, office clerk and secretarial occupations require some on the job training or experience.
Without experience employers have a choice to pay more for qualified applicants or to incur the time and expense for on the job training to make someone fully qualified. Training expenses tend to be covered with lower entry wages.

As applicants apply for jobs that need more formal education the need for job experience goes down. There are 90 occupations that need one or two year post secondary awards or associates degrees, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports 14.9 percent of these jobs in 35 of the 90 occupations need previous experience for employers to be satisfied they are qualified. Among the 35 occupations 18 have repairer, or installer, or both in their job title: electrical and electronic repairers, precision instrument repairers and so on. Another 8 have technician in their job title: audio and video equipment technicians, environmental science technicians and so on. Include firefighter, auto insurance adjuster, and desktop publishing.

There are 128 occupations that need BA degree training, only 11 percent of these jobs in 21 occupations need some long, medium or short term on the job training and experience. Actuaries, writers and editors, and interpreters and translators need long term experience after a BA degree. Employers usually expect financial examiners, credit counselors, insurance underwriters, and tax examiners to have, or to need, some on the job experience or training. Include public relations specialists from multi media and communications occupations and several specialized sales occupations that need some medium term on the job training.

The BA degree has 17 other occupations confined to architecture, public school teaching, and nursing specialties such as nurse practitioner that have required internships not included in the 21 occupations mentioned above. Internships draw a fine distinction between on-the-job training and education. For example, public school teachers typically do an internship as student teachers while they are still tuition paying students. Physicians do internships as paid interns and residents after they have finished medical school degrees.

Job applicants should be suspicious of anything called an internship unless it is required for an accredited degree or licensure. On some occasions internships have turned into a scheme to lure college students or recent college graduates into working for free, or for a minimal stipend. Abuses have occurred often enough that the Department of Labor has written rules to distinguish internships from what should be paid employment.

Unpaid interns should not be doing the recurring work of a business that would have to be done by a paid employee. It should be for a declared time period, but without fixed hours or the promise of a job, and only if there is a training benefit useful to all employers. Internships are not trial employment because employers are legally required to pay at least the minimum wage for employment.

Recent college graduates should be careful before accepting anything called an internship. Some companies have entry level paying jobs called internships because they end after a year without continuing employment, but normally internships are education not employment. Those with BA degree have skills for a job; internships mean delay and a dubious promise for the future.

Required internships in the Bureau of Labor Statistics listings apply only for those with BA or higher degrees and few apply outside of medicine and public school teaching. The 26 occupations that need MS degree skills do not have on the job training programs, only 12.4 percent of these jobs in 4 occupations need internships: all therapy and counseling occupations. There are no occupations that need PhD skills that require internships, or that have on the job training programs. Degrees generally substitute for experience.

Departing Words

The Bureau of Labor Statistics review of training and experience clearly establishes that experience is not as important as many employers say and many job applicants think. When the job add reads applicants should have at least 5 years experience, do not be intimidated. Know where experience counts and forge ahead to negotiate with the skills and experience you have. Doing the same job over and over for years does not necessarily add much to skills, if any. For occupations where experience really adds to qualifications the need for experience limits the pool of applicants and forces employers to pay higher salaries. Those who have the skills and confidence without the experience still have room to negotiate over wages and move to the front of the line. Remember employers want qualified applicants and skills count the most.

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Mr. Boehner and the Debt Ceiling

The Congress has passed debt ceiling legislation for many years pandering to voters who worry debt is sin, or a symbol of excess, or brings economic collapse. As the economy grows debt grows creating a repeated cycle of debt ceiling votes. Taking a vote gives a minority of politicians an opportunity to make politically correct statements about the excesses of government and their noble efforts to limit the excess. Then the majority makes the only sensible decision and votes to raise the debt ceiling.

I have never heard a politician of either party try to explain the difference between Federal debt and all other types of debt, both public and private, even though at least some know the difference. Current threats to limit the debt and cause a default are not only irresponsible but unnecessary and put Mr. Boehner far out on a shaky limb.

Federal debt is unique among debt because the Federal government determines the money supply, always a human decision. In the United States money is nothing but a number held on double entry accounts. Coins and currency are assets to the non-banking public but a liability to the treasury and the Federal Reserve Bank. Personal and business bank accounts are assets to the banking public but liabilities to banks. Therefore, money is a non-interest bearing liability while federal debt is an interest bearing liability. In effect, money is non interest bear debt.

At any time and in any amount the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve Bank can arrange to convert interest bearing debt to money, and allow payment of the government’s bills without default. They could pay off the entire federal debt in a day or two but they will not because it will increase inflation and their aim is to manage the economy in the best interests of everyone.

All previous presidents and the Congress have always played the debt ceiling game by the rules, which allowed everyone to max out on politics and then raise the ceiling. No one has questioned the authority of Congress to interfere with the constitutional requirement for the President to manage the government’s finances and pay the bills. The people who believe in debt ceilings want us to agree the Congress can pass legislation that prevents the President from doing duties spelled out in the constitution.

The President has whatever authority he needs to avoid default even if the Congress decides to be irresponsible and votes default. For Mr. Boehner to win the debt ceiling battle and push the government to default the President has to fail to do what he is able to do to stop it.

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A Walmart Minimum Wage for the District of Columbia

The District of Columbia City Council recently passed the Large Retailer Accountability Act that the mayor still needs to sign. Retailers, who are part of a larger company with revenue over $1 billion per year and occupy more than 75,000 feet of retail space, will be expected to pay all employees at least $12.50 an hour. In effect, the City Council has decided Walmart should be required to pay better wages than the $8.25 minimum wage everyone else is required to pay.

Economic conditions in retail for the District of Columbia suggest possible surprises for the City Council. As of 2012 the District has only 19 thousand jobs in retail or 2.5 percent of total employment where all other states have 11 to 12 percent. The District is underserved in retail and ripe for expansion.

Even though the minimum wage is $8.25 an hour there are no jobs in the District with a median wage as low as $8.25 an hour. Nor does the Bureau of Labor Statistics wage report for the District show 25th percentile or 10th percentile wages as low as $8.25 an hour for any of 512 occupations reported for Washington DC.

The new law applies to all occupations, but will effectively apply to the two occupations that dominate retail: retail salesperson and cashier. National staffing suggests 60 to 65 percent of the jobs in large retail stores are one of these two occupations. The District of Columbia is an expensive place to live and an expensive place to commute into from suburban locations, which helps explain why the median wage for retail salespersons is already well above the minimum wage at $11.21 an hour. The median wage for cashiers is $10.38 an hour.

If Walmart opens three, up to six, stores in the District as they suggest they might it will be a significant employer of retail salespersons and cashiers. As of 2012, only 6,200 work as retail salespersons in the District and 6,900 work as cashiers. Large general merchandise stores or department stores and super centers can be expected to employ 200 or more per store. Such a large share of new hires in retail suggests they will have to offer better wages for the help they need.

Wages in the larger metropolitan area that includes Virginia and Maryland suburbs are only slightly lower at $10.57 an hour for retail salespersons and $9.56 an hour for cashiers. Given the expense and difficulty to commute into the District there is no reason to think suburban sources of labor will be any cheaper to hire for District store locations.

New Walmart stores usually displace other local retail stores, but the retail sector is so small in the District there might be room for Walmart and existing stores. If market wages were below the $8.25 an hour there would be a different story, but the prevailing markets for wages suggests the retail sector including Walmart should expect to pay $12.50 an hour, or close to it, because of markets not legislation.

Since Walmart officials know prevailing wages their opposition and threats to abandon the District suggest they always oppose minimum wages as a political decision. Defenders of the $12.50 an hour cite the need for a living wage, but ignore market conditions as though they are irrelevant. So far the public discussion of the $12.50 Walmart wage minimum remains typical: all politics and public relations.

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Federal Taxes and Horizontal Equity

Taxes should be fair and horizontal equity defines one principle of tax fairness. It means economic equals should be taxed an equal amount. Horizontal equity applied to taxes on $50,000 of income assures all those who earn $50,000 of income pay the same tax.

Taxation that treats equals equally avoids giving preferences to different sources of income and avoids deductions and exclusions that do not apply equally to all. In practice, the characteristics that define equals vary some depending on personal opinion. For example, in federal taxation a disabled person over age 65 with $50,000 of income pays less tax than someone under age 65 without a disability. Some might ignore age and disability when they define economic equals; others might decide those differences justify unequal tax treatment.

In spite of the difficulty of definition horizontal equity provides a useful guide to consider for tax legislation. It encourages voluntary tax compliance and promotes economic equality by preventing a favored group from making economic gains solely through tax advantages.

In 2003 Congress and the President introduced a new violation of horizontal equity in the federal personal income tax. After 2002 dividend income does not equal wage income for federal taxation. A single taxpayer in 2002 paid $7,767 of federal income tax whether the income was dividend income or wage income. In 2003 a single taxpayer paid $7,360 tax on $50,000 of wage income, but only $3,490 on $50,000 of dividend income. Wage earners paid more than twice as much tax for the same income.

The disadvantage of wage income over dividend income remained a little over double until 2008. In 2008 a single taxpayer paid $6,606.25 tax on $50,000 of wage income, but only $1,275 on $50,000 of dividend income. Wage earners paid more than five times the tax for the same income.

Adjustments in tax brackets, the standard deduction, and the personal exemption increased the disparity after 2008 until by 2012 wage earners paid more than eight times more tax on $50,000 income. In 2012, a single taxpayer paid $6,117.50 tax on $50,000 of wage income, but the personal income tax was only $750 as dividend income.

The disparity increases for a married couple filing jointly even though a married couple with $50,000 of wages or dividend income pays less tax than a single tax payer. In 2012 couples filing a joint return paid no tax on $50,000 of dividend income, but $3,705 on wage income. If both earn wage income of $50,000 they pay $12,185 in federal income tax, but $100,000 of dividend income pays only $1,470 of tax.

The burden of higher taxes on wages falls heavily on younger high school and college graduates since they are least likely to have had time or funds to invest in dividend earning stocks. The difference of the higher taxes on $50,000 of wages over dividends put into an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) to earn 3 percent annual interest between 2003 and 2012 comes to $53,804.01. For the struggling college graduate living at home it is the capitalized value of the tax system’s contribution to income inequality.

There are other violations of horizontal equity in federal taxation. The treatment of home ownership allows deductions for real estate taxes and home mortgage interest that assure unequal taxes for renters with the same income. Encouraging home ownership with tax deductions illustrates how Congress uses tax policy to encourage or reward activities that reflect America’s social and political values: home ownership is a good thing.

Taxing work at much higher rates than dividends and capital gains suggests a darker side of tax policy. A higher tax on wages discourages work at best, but suggests a declining respect for the wage earning working class. I do not expect an official press announcement to that effect, but as the ol’saw goes, actions speak louder than words.

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